Indus River Essay

World History India (Indus River) Source: Lake Mansarovar Length: 1,900 mi (3,060) km Coverage: Tibet, Ladakh, Zanskar Valley, and Pakistan Tributaries: Zanskar, Sutlej, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Chenab It is a river of south-central Asia rising in southwest Xizang (Tibet) and flowing 3,060 km northwest through northern India and southwest through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. In Pakistan the Indus is considered the Chief River and in India known as King River. In its days the valley was the site of an advanced civilization that lasted from 2500 to 1500 b.c. In the western edge of the river near central Pakistan lies the twin peaks of Takht-I-Sulaiman (Persian, throne of Solomon). One of them is at 11,295 ft (3,443m) and the other 11,085 ft (3,379m) high, at the northern end are the highest points around. There is a Muslim shrine on the top of one of them. The upper Indus is fed by snow and glacial melt water from the Karakorum, Hindu Kush, and the Himalayan Mountains, flow through deep gorges and scenic valleys. It is not easy to navigate due to the bad turbulence inside. It receives the combined waters of the five rivers of the Punjab (Chenab, Hjelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej), its chief affluent. From here the river then flows onto the dry Punjab plains of Pakistan and becomes a broad, slow moving, silt-laden stream. In ancient times people considered it (Sanskrit, syand to flow) and the Vedans called it â€Å"sindhu†. Sindhu is the oldest name in Indian history. Alexander the Great built a fleet and used the Indus River to get to an unknown route towards the Persian Gulf. Which lead him to another triumphant victory.

Ethical Issues in Health Care Finance Essay

The topic of ethical issues in every industry is usually interesting because it attracts a significant number of scholars and professionals to argue. This topic becomes even more interesting when it comes to health care financing. Ethical issues in health care financing begin, when defining human health. Human health is a basic need (Maharaj and Paul, 2011). It does not matter what type of health challenges a person has and whether a person is in a developed country or not. The issue with human health is that, all humans require health appropriate treatment when they need it. However, the health care system seems insatiable when it comes to financing. Health care financing source from an individual occurs at the at the point of delivery otherwise known as fees for services does not seem to have a significant impact in the required health care financing (Hurley, 2001). It is important to leave individuals as entities that pay for healthcare out of financing the health care industry an d concentrate on the government, private agencies such as insurances and donors. The ethical issues in health care financing questions whether the major health care financiers: the government and insurance companies can justify paying for treatment for all human in the country. The argument with health care financing is that governments can pay for high medical technology development in terms of complicated medical equipments and new treatment technologies. It is important to understand that although advanced medical development are in place, there is an issue as to whether individual patients will the able to afford treatment using this advanced technology (Maharaj and Paul, 2011). If individual patients will not afford to use new treatment technologies, then it will be likely that the new advancement in medical technologies are a direct preserves of those with an upper economic advantage. This is contrary to the equity required in the health care system because health is basic need and therefore should be available for all. High cost of medical technological  treatment and a few populations who cannot individually afford for this treatment are not the only issues that raise medical treatment. The insurance industry is the greatest player in the health c are industry. The insurance industry provides medical policies for every eligible citizen. While the insurance arrangement for healthcare financing is justified through the assumption that country men and women are participating in sharing cost in paying up hospital bills. However, there is a crisis with the health insurance, which has raised significant ethical issues. This issues range from existence of different types of policies for different people and the issues that, the insurance company rather than the doctor determines the type of treatment the patient will get because of different categorized policies. Another incidence of inequality sets in even in with the insurance. Just like individual patient might not afford to pay high tech medical treatment at the point of delivery, the same is happening in the insurance industry because insurances now require different policies for different individual (Maharaj and Paul, 2011). These different policies characterize people according to their risk such that, people of high risk pay more premiums that people of low risk. If this policy categorization is justified then there will be a new inequality that will set in. This inequality will arise from those who pay for high premiums and might never have to go to hospital unless an accident occurs. Health care financing will seem to be a long term debate bombarded with ethical issues that take long to solve. These ethical dilemma although exist to offer ready solutions in healthcare financing, the whole issue boils down to whether the current happening in the health care industry offers beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice. Reference Maharaj, S.R. and Paul, TJ. (2011). Ethical Issues in Healthcare Financing. West Indian Medical Journal. 60. (4): 31-44 Hurley, J. (2001). Ethics, economics, and public financing of health care. Journal of Medical Ethics. 27. (4): 234-239.

Maguindanao Massacre

1. The Maguindanao Massacre is the worst case of political feud in the history of the Philippines. It has brought questions on the system of governance of the Arroyo administration, nationally and internationally. Using the tools of analysis discussed in class, analyze the Maguindanao massacre using two (2) tools of analysis of your choice. Explain your answer comprehensively. (50 points) The Maguindanao massacre can be examined by using two tools of analysis discussed in class namely structural and class analysis. The Maguindanao massacre is not just a little killing of the greedy political clans. Through structural analysis, there is the EPC chart, meaning economic, political, and social, in which bigger problems in this case are needed to be tackled. The main root of this incident is the wickedness and hunger for power and money. Andal Ampatuan Sr. knows that he can be in power for a limited three-period only. Fear bothered his mind and for this reason he went to places and people to ask how to stay in the game politically. After going to Malacanang, he discovered that in order to remain in power, he has to hinder the upcoming elections from happening in Maguindanao and not let the Mangudadatus take control of their power, he will do anything to keep their name known and on top, which entered his mind â€Å"Martial law — a condition when no election can be held in the province†. Comprehensively considering the facts and articles that I have read and researched, the Ampatuans indeed were very strategic in setting up this perfect plot, but they left a certain hole in their plan. They were going to kill and secretly bury the Mangudadatus to be reported as missing and the Abu Sayyaf would be the ones to blame, leaving out the thought of Mangudadatu asking for the help of the media, including 30 journalists, which led their brilliant execution to epic failure. It was the Ampatuans who ordered the act and planned the act, but the idea came from a certain person of the president in Malacanang. Second tool of analysis is the class analysis, which consists of the GBM procedure – government, business, and masses. For the government, isn’t it quite odd that these army men take possession of prohibited and expensive armed weapons? Only the government can allow and give permission for these weapons to be used or to be let loose in the country. As we all know that Andal Ampatuan Jr. has strong connections and alliance with the president of the Philippines, Gloria Arroyo. The massacre that happened in Maguindanao terrorizes to block government efforts to draw the investors to create needed new jobs and improve lives in Mindanao. Another business as I analyze it, is the business consisting of the acquisition of guns and heavy firearms, which points back to and is closely related again to the government. For the masses, there are three separate groups that were included and were nadamay – firstly, the innocent victims (the journalists, women, and relatives); second, the Ampatuan clans who murdered those people, and lastly, the citizens of our country who were terrified, shocked and alarmed of the massacre that took place in Maguindano. With the deaths of at least 12 journalists in Monday’s massacre in Maguindanao, the Philippines has earned the dubious distinction as the world’s most dangerous place for journalists to work, according to an international media watchdog. †¦International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) said the country†¦ is the most dangerous place for journalists. The IFJ also scored the Arroyo government for allowing and failing to stop a ‘culture of impunit y’ directed towards journalists in recent years. Before the massacre, the New York-based monitor Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) ranked the Philippines as the fourth deadliest country for journalists in terms of reporters’ deaths for 2009. In recent years, the Philippines got as far as the second most dangerous place behind Iraq. †1 2. In relation to the Authentic Christian Humanism, explain how the perpetrators of the massacre promote or violate the framework we use in class. 10 points) First of all, killing is a sin, for that I can say that the perpetrators of the massacre violated one of the commandments of the sovereign God, for it is written in the Scripture â€Å"Thou shall not kill. † What they did in this incident is not humane; they only thought of power and nothing else, they were blinded by the wickedness of money and promoted material and worldly things for themselves. I cannot see any pleasant act in this massacre, what they did is exactly the opposite of being friendly to other human beings. In addition, they commanded private armies to kill innocent lives, for that they didn’t only kill, but because of power, they also risked and damaged the lives of other families. I can say that they violated almost the entire framework that was talked about in class and that the Ampatuans were full of themselves thinking that they can get away with something historical and ruthless as this. 3. The killings of journalists in the massacre had tainted democracy in the country. It is perceived that an increase of extra judicial killings in a country reflects how a society promotes democracy. In line with this, what do you think is the best approach to change this situation? Using the approaches to process of change, what do you think would best work for the country? (30points) For the country, I think the best approach will be the sustainable development, according to the lesson, it â€Å"meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)†5 and also because this process of sustainable development focuses on 5 aspects namely economical, social, political, environmental, and cultural. I also think it will be effective because this process, according to the class's lesson, â€Å"The sustainable development balances the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future†, and our country is rich in natural resources, if we can only do this I’m sure our country will improve. 4. Among the characteristics of good governance, what do you think is the most essential characteristic our government should have in order to maintain democracy in the country? (10points) Among the 8 major characteristics of good governance, I am torn amongst accountable, transparent, equitable and inclusive, and the rule of law. In my opinion, there is no particular characteristic that can support and completely fill in the missing spot in which the government should have in order to maintain democracy in our country. We talked about good governance in class and our government certainly needs all of the characteristics to have proper democratic system in our country. But if I would weigh the most essential characteristic among them, I would choose accountable. Based on the class’s discussion, it depends upon who is accountable in making certain decisions or actions internally or externally in an institution. And I have learned that â€Å"Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law. † Under this characteristic of good governance, I can say that it is a three-in-one attribute that can help maintain democracy in the Philippines. 5. What is your personal stand on the issue? Give your personal recommendations for the resolution of the issue. (10 points) First of all, being in a government seat means that one is willing to serve the country, become a great example to everyone and to be the voice of the citizens of the country. The government official must be selfless, considerate and knowledgeable that through his service, he is giving back to his country and will whole-heartedly do what it takes to help develop the country’s economy and make the Philippines a better place. If one is blinded and ruled by wealth, power, and the material things of this world, then that person does not stand firm for his values and beliefs. Which brings me to the Ampatuans, in this situation; it is very obvious that it runs in the family and in their blood to be a part of politics, to rule and direct local politics. And the Ampatuans and the Mangudadatus have been political rivals since then. The government must act quickly and stop making this massacre issue fade away like they do in other cases. Ampatuan Jr. thought that by getting their master plan to happen, his problems would be solved. Violence never solves anything. Now that he’s in Manila jail, I hope that justice would be served as soon as possible. And for a lawyer like Fortun to accept his case, proves that money is all he is after and does not show any care for the lives and victims in the massacre. And because of the Maguindanao carnage, I began to be more alert and aware of my surroundings and I should know how and who to vote wisely. I will protect my right to vote, because I believe that my single vote can change the lives of the Filipino people and through that single vote, it can make a difference.Sources: Papa, Alcuin. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philippines now seen as most dangerous place for journalists. reclaimthemedia. http://www.reclaimthemedia.org/journalistic_practice/ philippines_now_seen_most_dang2548.Najjiah.AsiaFinest.com.http://www.asiafinest.com/forum/lofiversion/index.php/t218089.html. Babel-Fish. Arroyo condemns Maguindanao incident. Nowpublic. http://www.nowpublic. com/world/arroyo-condemns-maguindanao-incident. Gabriel San Rafael. PHILIPPINES: Maguindanao Massacre Has Some Familiar Roots – Part 1. Ipsnew.org. http://www.ipsnews.org/news.asp?idnews=49518.

Debate on vaccination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Debate on vaccination - Essay Example For instance, the vaccination against smallpox used cowpox, which was a poxvirus resembling smallpox to defend against it but did not cause any major illness. Vaccinations are done during the formative years of a person’s life even though this does not hinder an adult to go for vaccination. Children die of diseases each year since they are susceptible to infections due to their fragile immune systems. They are weak because they are young, and their bodies have not built immunities to these diseases. Therefore, the best way to protect children from such diseases is through vaccination (Sprigg 32). Several parents believe that vaccines are not safe for their children. However, it is more painful when a young life is taken by the infection of a killer disease because the child was not vaccinated. Ailments kill children each year. Children are more susceptible to infection due to their feeble immune systems. They are weak because they have not yet stayed alive enough to develop mechanisms for fighting infections. â€Å"†¦Unlike remedial treatment, vaccination provides a lifetime of protection from deadly diseases†¦and ensure healthier children, families and communities.† (Seth). Although vaccinating children can help prevent certain diseases, there are still many parent that are refusing to vaccinate their children. Vaccines against disease such as polio and MMR should be mandatory for all children who wish to attend school. These vaccinations can control the spread of deadly diseases, help protect children that are not able to get vaccinated and can save family time and money. However, many parents and guardians have failed or refused to take their children for vaccination due to a number of ideologies that have been propagated about vaccination over time. Some of the ideologies have been brought about by fears while others by misconceptions about the process of immunization

Building Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Building Services - Essay Example Thermal: If rooms are too hot or too cold the occupants obviously feel uncomfortable and their performance efficiencies are diminished. Excessive cold or heat may also create health problems. Since all the rooms have controlled mechanical ventilation systems it is advisable that, if the climate is too cold, a heat recovery system be installed. Convectional loss can be reduced by having windows with glass panes so that heat loss is contained while natural lighting is made available. The rooms should also be otherwise airtight and the fenestration performance of the building envelope should also be highly efficient. Air change per hr at 0.25 cfm/sq ft of building envelope measured at 50 Pascal is recommended for the building envelope to assure comfortable indoor thermal ambiences. Visual: Inadequate lighting may create eye problems over extended periods of time and headaches and visual problems over shorter ones. Natural lighting of spaces, as for the rooms with external walls, should be considered prior to specifying electric illumination systems. Acoustics: Noise is specifically the most distracting influence on occupants. It can cause undue stress and loss of performance efficiency, especially in a delicate learning environment like the lecture room. The general office will also be susceptible to high noise levels. Noise irritates in two ways - it impairs hearing and it deprives of speech privacy. The second is more irritating than the former. The following ways can reduce noise pollution, specifically in relation to the lecture and general office rooms: Maximum unoccupied noise levels should be kept down to 45 dBA. 0.6 sec reverberation time maximum for unoccupied areas should be maintained. Exterior noises from sources like

European Enlightenment and Modern Schooling Essay

European Enlightenment and Modern Schooling - Essay Example These philosophers also felt that if people were left free to use their powers of reason, they would act in ways that would improve their society, as they were inherently good. Accordingly, both human contentment and righteousness needed their liberty from unnecessary restraints, the majority of which were fostered on them by the church as well as the state. The advocates of the Enlightenment's categorical opposition to institutional monarchy and organised religion showed their contempt for the institutions that ruled the masses ruthlessly in the past, as well as a tendency to support utopian restructuring schemes. Most of these philosophers believed keenly in human development through education. They believed that the society would grow perfect if its citizens were free to make use of their powers of reason. The two primary characteristics of the beliefs of the Enlightenment were: Belief in human wisdom’s capacity to discard the conventional practices and the pre-established establishments Ideas the development of useful, functional information as the power to manage and preserve nature. Education in the Past In the past, education in Europe was always influenced by the competition and conflict between different religious denominations. The Catholic Counter-Reformation and the protestant reformation are cases that verify this reality in a better manner. Religious principles supported the education of a chosen few during the middle ages. During the Renaissance, however, additional reasons were included as a means of educating more citizens. For instance, the development of the economies of cities in Italy in the fifteenth century required that many children receive instruction regarding secular life. Previously, the... This essay approves that The characteristics of research studies are quite similar to those of the disputation. The reporting is conducted in public, and the laws governing the examinations state that the student has to have conducted the research or at least took part in it. The research standards for the delivery of the work are also objective as well as explicit. This report makes a conclusion that the principles of the Enlightenment came from belief in the abilities of human reason to resolve, by means of scientific advancement and education, the difficulties facing humanity and, thereby, change society. In the 18th century, the advocates of the Enlightenment fought against the established institutions in British society to get their ideas to be recognised. A large number were incarcerated, while others were hindered by government suppression activities, as well as by the attacks from the church. However, by the 1770s, second-generation ideals were getting government funds and taking control of recognised intellectual institutions of education. The massive increase in the production of books as well as newspapers ensured an extensive diffusion of the Enlightenment concepts. Philosophical dissertations and methodical experiments grew to be fashionable in all classes of society, including elements of the clergy and the nobility. A majority of European monarchs also began to tout definite ideas, or at least the expressions of the Enlightenment. They were not genuine, knowing that the Enlightenment would spell the beginning of the end for them.

Journey of life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journey of life - Essay Example Each family member is supportive of each other’s needs as evidenced by frequent interaction and meeting, communication, and eating together. Ever since I can remember, as a young child, we were taught to respect the older members of the family. Every member can help other one without asking to return the favor. I have therefore been brought up to show love, support, and concern for each family member and as such, the bonds we shared have continued to be strong as all siblings went through the various developmental stages. The relationships that have been established during my lifetime consisted of forming friendships in school and within the neighborhood. My parents have reminded me to choose my friends carefully since some people could make bad influences in one’s life through the activities that are shared and undertaken. Therefore, I learned to be selective of friends who make my life better through sharing productive activities and experiences that enhance learning, knowledge and assist in the development of skills and abilities. The friends developed during school years have become my constant circle of friends whom I get to interact with frequently as we all make memorable events that became basis for productive learning. From the time that I transferred and pursued my studies in the United States, the circle of friends grew larger as it comprised of people from diverse cultural backgrounds. I therefore realized that the wealth of knowledge gained from sharing experiences with diverse pe ople is more enriching and rewarding. For me the school provided the most significant impact in my life, second to my family. So far, school activities have been a positive experience since I was a very young child, until the present times. Academic events include complying with academic project, assignments, group works, joining extra-curricular activities, among others. I realized, early on, that by performing well

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example On the other hand processes take the form of a repeatable string of activities, meaning they can occur severally, either simultaneously or against one another. In the management of these two entities, they both function for the common good of the projects, but while the aims of managing projects are achieving the end result, process management focus on increasing efficiency and quality, which is difficult to achieve for the former. Repetitive character of processes gives value to the projects. 2. Project Risks Any project risk is associated with uncertainty and probability of losses that can cause it to fail. There are many risks and can further be divided , based on the risk classification and the type of the project. Cost Risk The risk is associated with the financial resource, which is a vital constraint in any project. Many things can cause cost risks, and though they can be related to the general project, the control of this factor is handled by the management of the project, wh o either underestimate, or overlook the cost associated with the activities in the project. ... When the scheduled plans are not met, more time is definitely required, especially if the activity cannot be run concurrently with others. The risk is caused by poor planning and estimation of resources, and adjustment processes that could end up in shortfalls of resources. It risks failing the project, when the end products is delayed from meeting its objective or market opportunity in the late deliveries. External risks: The risk can occur anywhere and anytime to disrupt the operation of the project, which the management, just as the human resource and other stakeholders have no control of. These factors range from market, economic, legal, political, natural disaster, and social issues that could affect a project (Murch 93). In many cases, projects have had to be stopped due to political instabilities in a country or location, because the project has no guaranteed security. Sometimes, the implemented parts of the projects are destroyed in skirmishes causing additional costs in time and finances allocated to repair and move on. Scope risk: The scope of a project deals with the requirements, deliverables and goals of a project; hence the performance and quality of the project can be influenced by the presence of the risk. Any problem generated in the formation and documentation of these factors can be inherited in the future of the project, because the scope would be used as a baseline for referencing and reaching decisions. It can be associated with unsuitable thought of the scope, poor documentation and lack of unison among the stakeholders over the scope, which affects the technical effort put into place to provide the required level of

Planning and Land Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Planning and Land Use - Essay Example This was compelled to protect the historic character of the town. Nevertheless, according to the planning balance between the homes and places of employment, and the notion of sustainable development today it has led to negative impacts. This city is of interest because it is a medieval city, which has a rich history and the pressure of developing threatens to wipe away the rich history of this town. For this reason, the core of the city has become limited because the research and development activities have been concentrated within the sites of employment on the edge of the city. Under the Cambridge phenomenon there were four hundred high-tech organizations in the area, which employed over sixteen thousand people (Morrison, 2010). These organizations stemmed from the departments of the university and spun offs from companies, which had had origins of the university. Ever since, it has been concentrated. During this period, the trans-European highway provided the main road link between the parts and the midlands that were industrialized. The decision to improve the infrastructure of the city was made at the National Level, whereas, the land use of the planning of Cambridge was under the Holford Plan of 1950 (Waters & Lawton, 2002). Despite all these plans, the structure plan of the Cambridgeshire sought means to control the growth of the city outwardly. This was done through maintaining the tight green belt. The reason for this plan was to secure the historic character and setting of Cambridge. Green belts have been an essential mechanism for planning in England. Within it, it is hard to get permission for planning for development. The purpose of that is to preserve the setting and memorable character of the town, check unrestricted emergence of built-up areas, assist safeguarding the countryside from encroachment and finally to restrain the neighboring towns from merging into another (Wicksteed, 2005). For Cambridge, without the green belt then the city

Meat Industry in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Meat Industry in the United States - Essay Example There are many processes that come in between slaughtering of animals and the final packaging of meat. These processes carry an element of high risk of contamination. The meat procured from the slaughtering of animals can carry fecal matter which can contaminate the meat with a high quantity of harmful bacteria like E. coli. The meat can also be contaminated by various animal diseases like salmonella and campylobacter. There is also the high probability of mad cow disease which can infect the meat. The most effective way to protect human beings from this disease is to carefully remove materials of the nervous system from the beef. Other than animal diseases, there is also the matter regarding the safety of workers because in meat industry dangerous machinery and sharp knives are common elements. It is also necessary to follow stringent methods of safety in the meat packaging industry which is the final link between the meat industry and the general public who consume meat. Since the early twentieth century, the activities inside meat packaging plants in the United States are done under unhygienic conditions. In 1906, the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Federal Meat Inspection Act were passed. These Acts encouraged labor organizations to improve the working conditions of the meat packers. In the last few decades, the nation has seen a sharp decline in the meat processing industry. The slaughterhouses and meat packaging facilities are still almost in the same condition as they were a century ago. In the 1930s the Congress of Industrial Organizations drove the trade unions to focus on the working conditions of employees in different industries including the meat packaging industry. In the 1960s the United Packinghouse Workers of America with its progressive ideals successfully improved the pay and working conditions of the meat packers. During 1960s and early 1980s the average pay of meat packers was higher than that of the workers in the manufacturing industry. In the 1980s the meat packing industry went through a development phase. Meat distribution channels increased and this resulted in meat packing companies to be located in rural areas near the rearing of farm animals. The Iowa Beef Processors

Social iSolation Prompted by Technology & Social Media Research Paper

Social iSolation Prompted by Technology & Social Media - Research Paper Example Today people hardly find time to speak to their neighbors, colleagues, and friends. Instead, they make relations with unknown people around the world through social media. Evidently this situation leads to social isolation, a potential issue affecting the social development process. According to Cacioppo and Hawkley, â€Å"social isolation is defined as the absence of contact with other people and lack of integration to society and includes the perceived feeling of being isolated from others† (as cited in Uribe, 2007, p. 3). Studies indicate that social isolation can cause depression and other long term psychological impacts on the victims. This paper will explore to what extent the obsessive use of technology and social media promote social isolation. It is assumed that the current trend in the use of social media and technology would drastically affect the social lives of individuals, and hence this issue should not be taken lightly. The primary audience of this paper will be anyone who uses social media and similar technologies to connect with family and friends. The secondary audience includes my professor and fellow classmates. Evidently social media and technology are increasingly used by children and young adults as compared to others, and hence they are highly exposed to its negative impacts. As reported by Lenhart, Purcell, Smith and Zickuhr (2010), nearly 72% online young adults extensively used social networking websites on a daily basis as of 2013. The major social media websites used by youngsters include Facebook, Twitter, and You Tube. Today teens and young adults consider social media as a vital part of their life, but they do not recognize the detrimental effects of such social websites on their social skills and personal interactivity. Generally formation of basic social skills including

Assessment and Development Essay Example for Free

Assessment and Development Essay 1. What is a competency? What are its characteristics? How is it different from Job Description? Competency: Competencies refer to skills or knowledge that leads to superior performance. These are formed through an individual/organization’s knowledge, skills and abilities and provide a framework for distinguishing between poor performances through to exceptional performance. Competencies can apply at organizational, individual, team, and occupational and functional levels. Competencies are individual abilities or characteristics that are key to effectiveness in work. Some examples of competencies required by the employees are: 1. Adaptability 2. Commitment 3. Creativity 4. Motivation 5. Foresight 6. Leadership 7. Independence 8. Emotional Stability 9. Analytical Reasoning and 10. Communication Skills Characteristics of Competencies ? ? ? ? ? ? Competencies are the characteristics of a manager that lead to the demonstration of skills and abilities, which result in effective performance within an organizational area. The best way to understand performance is to observe what people actually do to be successful rather than relying on assumptions pertaining to trait and intelligence. The best way to measure and predict performance is to assess whether people have key competencies. Competencies can be learnt and developed. They should be made visible/accessible. They should be linked to meaningful life outcomes that describe how people should perform in the real world 3|P a ge Common difference Competencies Job Description. Competencies †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Underlying characteristic of a person’s inputs. Clusters of knowledge, attitudes and skills. Generic knowledge motive, trait, social role or a skill. Personal characteristics. Set of skills, related knowledge and attributes. On the other hand, Job Description †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Superior performance in a given job, role or a situation. Individual’s ability to perform. Linked to superior performance on the job. Contribute to effective managerial performance. Successfully perform a task or an activity within a specific function or job. 4|P a ge 2. What are the different types of competencies? What is their relevance? 1. Behavioral Competency: Behaviors, knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics that contribute to individual success in the organization ? ? ? Can apply to all (or most) jobs in an organization or be specific to a job family, career level or position For example:- teamwork and cooperation, communication Focus on the person 2. Technical or functional Competency: Specific knowledge and skills needed to be able to perform one’s job effectively ? ? ? Job specific and relate to success in a given job or job family For example:- knowledge of accounting principles, knowledge of human resource law and practice Focus on the job A trainer requires a different set of competencies than an accountant, and a teller requires a different set than a maintenance worker. If there are different levels within the same position, then each job level might also have its own set of vertically derived competencies 3. Core Competency: ? ? A core competency is defined as an internal capability that is critical to the success of business. These are organizational competencies that all individuals are expected to possess. These competencies define what the organization values the most in people. For example:- an organization might want each individual to possess teamwork, flexibility and communication skills. 5|P a ge 4. Threshold competency: ? ? The characteristics required by a jobholder to perform a job effectively are called threshold competencies. For the position of a typist it is necessary to have primary knowledge about typing, which is a threshold competency. 5. Differentiating competency: ? ? The characteristics, which differentiate superior performers from average performers, come under this category; such characteristics are not found in average performers. Knowledge of formatting is a competency that makes a typist to superior to others in performance, which is a differentiating competency. 6|P a ge 3. What is the difference between Assessment Centre and Development Centre? Differences between Assessment and Development centers Assessment centers usually ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Have a pass/fail criteria are geared towards filing a job vacancy address an immediate organizational need have fewer assessors and more participants involve line managers as assessors have less emphasis placed on self-assessment focus on what the candidate can do now are geared to meet the needs of the organization assign the role of judge to assessors place emphasis on selection with little or no developmental feedback and follow up give feedback at a later date involve the organization having control over the information obtained have very little pre-centre briefing tend to be used with external candidates. Development centers usually ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? do not have a pass/fail criteria are geared towards developing the individual address a longer term need have a 1:1 ratio of assessor to participant do not have line managers as assessors have a greater emphasis placed on self-assessment focus on potential are geared to meet needs of the individual as well as the organization assign the role of facilitator to assessors place emphasis on developmental feedback and follow up with little or no selection function 7|P a ge ? ? ? ? give feedback immediately involve the individual having control over the information obtained have a substantial pre-centre briefing tend to be used with internal candidates 8|P a ge 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Assessment Centre and Development Centre? Assessment Centers: Assessment centers consist of a number of exercises designed to assess the full range of skills and personal attributes required for the job. Advantages: ? Assessment centers map the next level challenges and simulate them in exercises. This raises the validity of the assessment tool. The old way of evaluating the person based on past performance does not work many times, as the challenges of the next level are different from the challenges in the existing position. Assessment centers not only help the organization in placing the right candidate for the right job/assignment but also help in developing the participants. When participants see others handling the same exercise differently, it gives them an insight into their own performance thereby raises the credibility of the selection procedure. It appeals to the lay person’s logic and therefore is regarded as a fair means of assessment by the participants. Assessment Centers can be customized for different kinds of jobs, competencies and organizational requirements. They are far more accurate than a standard recruitment process as they allow a broader range of selection methods to be used during the process. They enable interviewers to assess existing performance as well as predict future job performance. They give the opportunity to assess and differentiate between candidates who seem very similar in terms of quality on paper. They give the candidates a better insight into the role as they are tested on exercises, which are typical for the role they have applied for. They help employers build an employer brand. Candidates who attend assessment centers which genuinely reflect the job and the organization are often impressed by that company, even if they are rejected. The cost of an assessment centre is usually cheaper compared with the potential cost of many recruitment phases and the cost of recruitment errors. 9|P a ge ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? They are a fair process – they complement an organization’s diversity agenda and ensure that people are selected on the basis of merit alone. Disadvantages: ? ? ? ? ? Assessment Centers are very costly and time consuming. Assessment Centers requires highly skilled observers as the observers may bring in their own perceptions and biases while evaluating. Those who receive poor assessment might become de-motivated and might lose confidence in their abilities. New recruits with high expectations can feel disappointed if the assessment centre has encouraged them to believe the job or organization fits their values if, in fact, it does not. If you haven’t defined the key competencies prior to the event and a way to measure these competencies you will only be able to compare candidates on anecdotal details.

Rationale for concentrating on teaching of reading strategies

Rationale for concentrating on teaching of reading strategies Becoming a teacher is a complex process of change and development not only in terms of behaviour but also in cognition, affect and knowledge (Calderhead, 1990). Moreover, as a language teacher, the importance of keeping your language skills and classroom methods up to date is essential. Thus, attending an in-service training course may hold a significant key to solving a myriad of obstacles facing teachers development (Day, 1999; Craft, 2000; Sugrue, 2001; Hammadou, 2004; Lee, 2007). Why I chose this format for the workshop? Considering that teachers appear to be allergic to theory, especially when it is delivered in the lecture mode (Kouraogo, 1987, p.173), the workshop is designed as a communicative interaction between the trainer and the teachers who are supposed to act as students in a normal classroom environment. As Kouraogo(1987, p.173) maintains teachers consistently ask for practical tips and ready-made usable materials as soon as they return to their classrooms and it is the trainers intended . to show teachers how ineffective teaching may become if learners are not taught explicitly how to use reading strategies to perform better. While subscribing to Hayes opinion that training/development sessions should value participants existing knowledge, it is the role of the teacher trainer to make these theories explicit during the course (Wright, 1990, p. 92). In practice, this means that sessions should give participants an opportunity to talk about their perceptions of the teaching-learning process, and provide guidance in understanding its theoretical underpinning. What am I aiming at in terms of teacher cognition and their instructional practice? The training programme is based on my belief that an awareness, knowledge and understanding of theoretical aspects of language and language learning theory will enhance the chances for the language teacher to adopt a more effective methodology and promote students effective learning . Similarly, Ellis (1986, p.92) emphasizes the idea that the practice of actual teaching can be improved by making teachers aware of the options open to them and the principles by which they can evaluate these alternatives. I assume that in-service teachers experience a certain level of comfort with the teaching strategies they have previously employed often for many years and see no real reason to alter them (Adams and Chen (1981). Therefore in-service training is a good opportunity to help teachers reflect upon their teaching practices and make them aware of their teaching weaknesses and strengths. Upgrading teachers knowledge on the chosen topic as well as assessing and reviewing their own teaching role in the light of changes in research is another aim of the teacher trainer. Why I chose the topic reading strategies? The main arguments in support of my choosing this topic for the training programme are manifold. Firstly, the scarcity of studies on investigating teachers beliefs in the area of second language reading instruction have indicated an unclear picture of teachers belief construct in teaching reading( Chou, 2008, p.192). However, making the teachers aware of their consequent instructional practices may reshape their knowledge about teaching reading and allingn their practice to the research. The second point is a practical one. The effectiveness of teaching reading is closely related to reading- related strategies and strategy-training. As (Singhal, 2001) suggests research in the area have found that strategy training leads to improved reading performance. Her view is reinforced by Wellingham (2007, p.39) who emphasizes that strategy instruction improves comprehension. Therefore, the teachers role is to maximize the students potential reading ability by helping them use reading strategies so as they become fluent and efficient readers. The third point is determined by the context in which I teach and the target audience of the workshop. The question whether teachers develop reading skills in their classroom may be answered negatively if we consider the result of the questionnaire that I administered to my target audience. As a result, discovering the best methods and techniques for achieving fluent reading with adequate comprehension, and identifying what techniques or processes the learners may use becomes a prerequisite of this workshop. Why I chose these activities? Taking into consideration that participants usually bring a wealth of ideas and experience to in-service sessions( Hayes, p.9) and the fact that it is an awareness raising session, the activities have been chosen to with the above mentioned reasons. Student teachers have a rich store of initial knowledge and beliefs about teaching and learning (Nisbett and Ross, 1980), and these beliefs are mainly shaped by their prior learning experiences (Lortie, 1975). In the present study, student teachers are conceptualised in this way, and thus it aimed to identify sources of their initial beliefs In the first part of the session, participants are briefly introduced to the topic of the Then, they are invited to respond to some given texts and share ideas with their peers. Concept Mapping- Morine-Deshimer (1993), Artiles, Mostert, and Tankersley (1994), and Winitzky and Kauchak (1995). It is the view of Armour-Thomas (1989) that teachers thought processes influence their judgements, decisions and practices. Therefore, attempting to uncover teachers thoughts for elicitation of mental processes in research on teacher thinking are concept mapping. Choosing this method, will enable me to examine participants understanding of the topic and investigate the influences of particular components of a teacher education course on student teachers knowledge (Calderhead,1990). As well as this, it will be useful in revealing gaps, misconceptions, and the degree of sophistication of their conceptualisations. Presentation of the training programme This training programme consists of 6 interrelated theoretical and practical workshops to be attended by EFL/ ESL in-service teachers with a special interest in teaching reading, and who are willing to explore the potential benefits of exploring the reading process in more depth. Acquiring practical and theoretical skills will be taught in interactive and student-centred workshops, focussing on the participants personal input while attending the training session: 1.an introductory session to shed light on the reading process in L1 and L2 including types of reading, different theoretical approaches to teaching reading- 2 hours 2. teaching and using effective reading strategies 2 hours 3. understanding and evaluating reading teaching materials and their aims while focusing on selecting materials to motivate students and to improve their reading skills- 4 hours 4.assessing reading and designing a reading task- 4 hours 5. a practical session which offers each participant the possibility of choosing a certain type of reading and to explore it in more depth in terms of efficient classroom activities or as Clair (1995) ironically emphasizes Give me stuff. Give me a goody bag. You can use this with your fourth grade students who dont speak English. I will use it (p.191). 4 hours 6. evaluation of the workshop and reflective feedback on teachers beliefs- 2 hours Prior to attending the training programme, each teacher answered a questionnaire whose results will be used during the training sessions. In addition, the training programme will be led entirely by one trainer so as any changes in teachers beliefs can be observed and evaluated. At the end of the training programme, each participants will receive an observation sheet containing information about the changes he/she might undergo. Presentation of the workshop about teaching reading strategies The objectives of this two-hour training session are to improve the expertise of in-service EFL teachers in relation to teaching reading strategies and dissipate some of the misunderstandings that hamper effective and efficient classroom practice. Aims of the training session To raise awareness of advantages and disadvantages of different types of reading strategies To help teachers begin to develop competent To highlight the role of reading strategies training in reading comprehension Learning outcomes At the end of this session teachers are expected To distinguish between effective and ineffective reading strategies To select or identify the best reading strategies in order to help the learners gain language knowledge To decide on appropriate ways of encouraging effective reading Workshop outline Task Activity Objective Duration Process Materials Notes Welcome, introduction, session outline To activate learners schemata 5 minutes Powerpoint presentation- 1 slide Exploring experience problem-solving activity To reflect upon the use of reading strategies 5 minutes copies of texts Concept Mapping to examine the structure of student teachers knowledge and to investigate the 20 minutes Participants are asked to brainstorm about reading strategies. After having produced a list of terms (i. e. concepts) they are then asked to arrange them and demonstrate their connections, and on some occasions label what these relationships are. The concept map eventually produced is thought to represent participants understanding of the topic. The doing of the activity and, implicitly the reflection on the process itself hopefully triggered a certain amount of learning. 3-2-1 Strategy 3 things you learned 2 interesting things you discovered 1 question that you still have To review issues from the workshop and to get feedback from the activities 20 minutes Individual response to the task Table format 3-2-1 Awareness raising

Service Recovery And Failure In Air Line Industry

Service Recovery And Failure In Air Line Industry Service recovery has taken over the whole world by storm. People hear the word service recovery and service failure over and over again. In the globalized world as people know it, the world seems to be getting smaller and yet it is expanding, the world is developing. Information can travel fast and easily, boundaries are being reduced gradually. This not only happen in the world generally but also in the business world specifically. By looking at this arising phenomenon, service recovery of companies in the management of business is getting more and more important for airline companies who are trying to explore the global market. The airline companies have to come up with the right strategy for different market in different countries. Without a good strategy in service recovery and the way how to decide complaints and resolved problems which called service failure, the airline companies will falter in the international market. While on the other hand, if an airline company has a good service recovery and can solved service failure, it will achieve success. The airlines industry involves a high degree of interaction between employees and consumers and so provides many opportunities for service failures to occur. The quality of service encounters is frequently determined by the action of front-line staff, whose experience and commitment may be limited and whose attitude may vary from one encounter to another. The inseparability of production and consumption means that failures occur at the point of consumption, providing little scope for correction without inconveniencing the passengers. However, failures, errors, mistakes, and complaints can frequently happen in the process of service delivery. A poor service or a service failure will result in dissatisfaction and this in turn will prompt a variety of responses which may include complaining, negative word-of-mouth and decisions not to repurchase. If it is impossible to avoid service failures and dissatisfaction, then it becomes increasingly important for organizations to understand how to manage such occurrences and minimize their adverse effects. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that effective service recovery will generate a range of positive passengers responses with complaint handling being seen as a key element in service recovery. This research paper an overview of existing research relating to service failure, service recovery in airlines industry. The Emirates Airlines was founded in 1985, but it didnt start to show up on Americans radar until 2005, when they began service to New Yorks JFK. They are the fastest-growing airline in the world, and today Emirates has a fleet of 138 aircraft and serves over 100 destinations in 61 countries across six continents. Their North American gateways are: New York, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur and Seoul. Their hub is Dubai (DXB), which is now the 15th busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic (40.9 million passengers in 2009). Literature review Service recovery and service failure in air line industry The service recovery and the service failure may directly influence each other. Generally, the service recovery in airline industry is concerned with the process of addressing service failures, which can be happened in that time when is the flight on the plane or before flight; more specifically, service recovery can be thought of as being concerned with the productive handling of complaints and includes all actions taken by a service provider in order to try to resolve the problem a passenger has with their organization. It is generally recognized that complaints are essential to institute a recovery effort. Without complaints, a firm may be unaware that problems exist and unable to appease unhappy passengers. Ennew and Schoefer (2006) stated that basic of service recovery strategy, which the model is used in airline industry as well, can be classified as: Apology: A first person apology rather than a corporate apology, and one which also acknowledges that a failure has occurred. Urgent reinstatement: Speed of action coupled with a gallant attempt to put things right even if it is not possible to correct the situation. Empathy: A sincere expression of feeling for the passengers plight. Symbolic atonement: A form of compensation that might include not charging for the service or offering future services free or discounted. Follow-up: An after-recovery call to ascertain that the consumer is satisfied with the recovery process. That service recovery also includes situations where the passenger has not expressed a complaint but the provider has recognized the failure and initiated a recovery procedure. Service recovery in airline industry refers to steps that are intended to identify and correct service failure. According Kuenzel, S and Katsaris, N, (2009), the necessity for service recovery is brought about by service failure. Service failure is defined as those situations when the service fails to live up to the passengers expectations or any service-related mishaps or problems that occur during a consumers experience of the firm. Service failure situations are especially inevitable in the airline industry due to the people factor nature of services, the high level of contact between employees and passengers due to the increasingly high demand of todays passengers. As one of the service industries, the airlines industry involves a high degree of personal interaction between staff, which are working in air company and passengers; miscommunication can lead to service failure. Responding effectively to consumer complaints can have a significant impact on satisfaction; repurchase intentions and the spread of word-of-mouth. However, in order to understand how best to deal with service failure and how best to handle complaints, it is essential to understand the way in which consumers react to service failure and how they respond to different approaches to service recovery. The service recovery in Emirates Airline Company, which is defined as all those actions taken by a service provider in order to try to resolve the problem that caused the service failure, aims not only to resolve the problems in order to minimize negative outcomes and retain passengers who are prefer this air company, but also to seek out and deal with service failures. After all, a good recovery, as well as reducing passengers negative emotions, also tries to increase the positive ones. While service recoverys effectiveness depends on several parameters, excellent recovery tactics can leave those passengers who experienced a service failure followed by successful service recovery with greater satisfaction than those who did not experience a service failure incident at all. However service recoverys major importance is owed to the fact that it affects passenger satisfaction and, as a consequence, passenger loyalty. Furthermore, a number of findings have shown that satisfaction with the service recovery directly affects a passengers intention to repurchase and to recommend the service provider. These relationships constitute the vital reasons why providers pay so much attention to service recovery because in financial terms loyal passengers can increase profits. (Kuenzel, S and Katsaris, N, 2009). The Emirates Airline Company believes that satisfaction plays a key role in the service industry and especially in the airline industry. As the airline industry has evolved, Emirates Airline has made great strides to define and understand satisfaction from the consumers perspective. The emphasis to comprehend what truly creates satisfied passengers has lead to an ever increasing body of literature surrounding satisfaction, how service providers create satisfied passengers and the effects that satisfaction has on businesses today. Competitive environment analysis is the factors which influence the air companys competitiveness in the market. It enables the airline company to understand its current competitors. The Emirates Airline, as air company is defined that the most important part in the value of service recovery and failure are consisted of professional staff which can be opened in a time for solving problems with passengers, improving passenger satisfaction, minimizing negatives emotions and making loyalty decisions for complaints. Methodology Service recovery and service failure in Emirates Airline Company For the past several years, many air line companies executives have ascribed to the widely circulated notion that a strong problem-recovery process is the key to enhancing passenger loyalty. Some claim to possess statistics that show a higher intent to return among passengers who experienced a problem followed by excellent resolution, compared to passengers who had a problem-free flight. The Emirates Airline has outperformed their rivals British Airways, Korean Airline and Delta Airline in a service quality report. This airline company is analyses the passenger experience from flight booking all the way through to check-in, baggage drop, boarding, plane conditions, in flight services such as food and beverage, entertainment and shopping, right through to disembarkation and final baggage claim. The Emirates Airline known that the service recovery builds passenger loyalty that brings passenger back from the brink of defection is putting a smile on a passengers face. A poor service reco very in structure of organization will result in dissatisfaction and this in turn will prompt a variety of responses which may include complaints, negative word-of-mouth and decisions not to repurchase. The effective service recovery will generate a range of positive passenger responses with complaint handling being seen as a key element in service recovery. Analyzing the structure inside of Emirates Airline as a large air company in the world and which model of organizations they used, I found that this company is provided and followed by service recovery strategies as an important element in service process. The service recovery strategies are consisted of eight components: 1. Act quickly (usually use as an apology) 2. Provide adequate explanations 3. Treat passengers fairly 4. Cultivate relationships with passengers 5. Learn from recovery experience 6. Learn from lost passengers as passengers 7. Fail-safe the service 8. Track complaints According this type of service recovery strategies, which was chosen by the Emirates Airline Company, I can say that this air company is tried to involves and to improve new methods of psychological behaviours in organizational process between employee and passenger, because it is interested in passengers positive recommendations about their air lines to family and friends are an important, cost-effective method of promotion which are suggested to make profit. The goals of service recovery strategies are consisted how to satisfy the passenger in during that time when the flight is on the board, identifies and corrects the problems in a time without negative effects and improves professional air staff to be helpful and friendly with passengers. The Emirates Airline company, as the biggest air company in the world, is recognized the service recovery as a significant determinant of passenger satisfaction and loyalty. The most common and frequently what they used in service recovery are: 1. apology 2. assistance 3. compensation The apology can be in two forms: verbal and writing. For example, in the Emirates Airline, I found the tactical way which the air staff used in the during flights time. If some kind of the drinks or some kind of the meals are finished in the during flight, and that time one of the passengers needs persistently, so air staff solve the problem by nicely and kindly form in offering to choose another drinks and meals which they have in menu. The writing form is used when the situation or problems are decided by official form from Emirates Airline management. The assistance is used in finding the luggage by air staff which are in the airports (local or international terminals). Emirates Airline is suggested to find luggage by modern technology as operational efficiency between operations and general system of technical supporting inside the airport where were going lost luggage. The compensation is frequent form of the service recovery, which can be financial form, its meant that the Emirates Airline is able to pay the compensation from the negative effects in during the flights time if the occurrences were happened without passengers fault. Another form of compensations are vouchers, free upgrades to gifts or loyalty miles, can also be defined against a complaint category and stored for each complaint. Vouchers can be auto-generated and points can be auto-credited into the members account. Tier upgrades can be provided as compensation, and tier downgrades or expiry of points can also be restricted for members. Why are the air staff so qualified and professional in the service recovery? The Emirates Airline Company invests much more time and money in training each new employee than many of its competitors. There are 18,179 employees work in the Emirates Airline who are qualify after 3 months of 13 indoctrination will receive 450 hours of training in their first year and 160 hours of training every year after. Training programs include methods of the communication with passengers in the board during the flights, how they can make service without negative effects just use the smile or literate speech which are based on the psychological principles. The motivation employees, train them, care about them, and make winners of them are successful steps in the service recovery. The Emirates Airline knows that if they treat their employees correctly, they will treat the passengers right. And if the passengers are treated right, they will come back. Effective service recovery is not just an after-thought but is rather an intentionally designed part of service delivery system that has been planned into the service design in support of the service recovery strategies. The Emirates Airline believes that the service recovery is one of the most important key factors differentiating business performance and success between competitors. Understanding the system of the service recovery in the Emirates Airline Company, how they can solve and decide situations with passengers before the flight, during the flights time, and after the flight without negative effects, I was analysing that this air company however has failures, mistakes and complaints which could be happened in the process of service delivery. The service failure occurs when the passengers do not get basic services from air company. The passengers consider centre of the service failure because they have been promised or contracted, either directly or implied and are basic to the whole service experience, for example, in the Emirates Airline, this is reservations air tickets which could be booked in official website or in the official agency. According statistical report which was established by the Emirates Airline, I could see which kind of service failures and complaints were happened in during flighting process, which are widespread and how this air com pany tried to minimized effects. The service failures, which were founded in the Emirates Airline Company: 1. Ethical problems (conflict of interests) 2. Personnel failures 3. Safety issues 4. Baggage handling 5. Ticketing matter 6. Doing work too slowly in-flight 7. Responses to service failure 8. Employee responses to customer needs and requests The most serious failure in the Emirates Airline was slow the service in-flight, the drink and the meal brought lately, the air staff were unhelpful and unfriendly because on the board were about 175 passengers who were flied on the long destinations. Other frequently mentioned problems related to agent operations which were provided booking and reservation air tickets. After according that statistic report, the Emirates Airline was developed absolutely new model of the service recovery strategies which were helped to solve and minimized the service failures in the organizational process and satisfied the passengers in-flight and on the ground. This air company was organized Service Recovery Management, that the functions are detection, analyzing and solving service failure without negative effects between organization and passengers. Finding à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It is very difficult to exceed passengers expectations in service recovery. The Emirates Airline typically exceed passengers expectations in problem situations in only one of 10 problem occurrences. This air company are at least four times more likely to fail to satisfy a passenger in recovery efforts than they are to exceed expectations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ When the Emirates Airline resolves problems in a method that meets, but does not exceed expectations, satisfaction scores are significantly lower than when an experience is problem-free. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The only time satisfaction and loyalty are improved after a problem is when service has been outstanding throughout the entire experience. Outstanding problem resolution is seen as a part of a larger service culture within the air company, not as a stand-alone reaction. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Recovery efforts arguably represent a much greater cost compared to the type of service recovery and service failure. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Good training provides air staff with the skills and confidence to perform well. Giving them the opportunity to practice their customer service skills in a safe environment will help them to apply those skills in the sales environment. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Good service in the Emirates Airline is tightly linked to good sales. If service standards are poor, sales performance will inevitably be poor as well. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Satisfied, loyal air staff will take proper care of their passengers, resulting in high levels of passengers satisfaction and repeated successful sales. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ On the service recovery in Emirates Airline Company is influenced the elements as the air company will be successful in the organizational process: Environment Qualification staff Performance Motivation Conclusion This research paper has reported the main reasons of service failure within international airline company which is the Emirates Airline Company. The findings shown that service recovery excellence can only be achieved through passenger satisfaction, professional staff and loyalty as a result of senior management commitment. The paper has determined the air companys process of service recovery with respect to the main causes of service failure, in its goal to achieving passenger satisfaction. There are two component consisted service recovery. The first one is service failure and the second factor is satisfaction. In this structural model, I also mentioned about two predictors which can directly influence on service recovery. Qualification employees and loyalty directly impact on service recovery, that I explained earlier the way that how they can increasing high-level, be perfect in relationships with passengers of the Emirates Airline company in details. This research paper is confirmed previous assertions that passengers satisfaction and loyalty require high levels of management commitment, as well as frequent communication and indicated that for service recovery to be effective, it must be external (to the passengers) as well as internal (to the air company) so that internal improvement can be ensured. The Emirates Airline has to conduct surveys from time to time to get the uttermost feedback from employees and first time passengers as well. The Emirates Airline has to improve passengers satisfaction without negative effects after covering failure, tries to provider training programs for air staff, because the service recovery is so important for reputation air company. They should be more focus on the solving problems between air company and passengers by professional way because one of the weaknesses that a bid company faces is the decentralized organizational structure. So controlling the big company such as the Emirates Airline would be very difficult without having the centralized and good structure in the organization. For the huge air companies such as the Emirates Airline that is geographically apart, using the virtual organization in order to control the all aspect of the company is essential. In conclusion, for each air company, especially for large air companies, the service recovery is one the most important part in organization that can make the air company more successful because I can reach all the important success key such as passengers satisfaction and encourages of passengers and employees, better behavior, better communication and highest service quality through the air company. Once a air company decides how it wants its members to behave, what attitudes it wants to encourage, and what it wants its members to accomplish, it can then design its structure and encourage the development of the cultural values and norm to obtain these desired attitudes, behaviors, and goals.

Rudeness In America :: essays research papers

In the last couple of years the rudeness of Americans has increased dramatically. It especially seems that the children of America have become ruder. This leads one to wonder if America will just become even ruder or will the manners of the American people improve. Each day at school encountering rudeness is common especially from students but also from the faculty. Walking through the busy hallways of the school is where encountering rudeness is the most likely to occur and probably will. While walking through the busy hallways on my way from the lunchroom keeping a good look out ahead for the blockade of kids that tend to stop right in the middle of the hall to socialize slowing down the flow of the student body is a good idea so I will have less of a hassle in getting around them. Maybe just one of these times the kids will get it through their heads and move to one side or the other to keep the flow of students steady. Yet this does not happen and this will continue on a regular basis during the school day. Will Americas parents ever teach their kids some manners or will the rudeness continue into the next generations. Although there are parents that instill good manners in their children there are also not enough who do so. The children might get the bad manners from viewing how their parents behave with other adults. Encountering adults on a daily basis I noticed that adults can be just as rude as the children can be. Standing outside a shop looking through a store window there was a women walking and talking on her cell phone and she walked right into me. Not even turning around she kept on walking and just gave me a nasty look. Apparently many American have been infected with the rudeness virus. Some might get it from the stressful and hectic life style they live or maybe the adult was just raised in an environment where manners didn’t matter.

Lift, Weight, Thrust And Drag :: essays research papers

One of the first things that is likely to be noticed during a visit to the local airport is thewide variety of airplane styles and designs. No matter what each looks like like they alldepend on the the same four factors which are lift, weight, thrust, and drag Lift is the upward force created by the effect of airflow as it passes over and under the wings. It supports the airplane in flight. Weight opposes lift. It is caused by the downward pull of gravity. Thrust is the forward force which propels the airplane through the air. It varies with the amount of engine power being used. Opposing thrust is drag, which is a backward, or retarding, force that limits the speed of the airplane.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lift is the key aerodynamic force. It is the force that opposes weight. In straight-and-level, unaccelerated flight, when weight and lift are equal, an airplane is in a state of equilibrium. If the other aerodynamic factors remain constant, that airplane neither gains nor loses altitude. When an airplane is stationary on the ramp, it is also in equilibrium, but the aerodynamic forces are not a factor. In calm wind conditions, the atmosphere exerts equal pressure on the upper and lower surfaces of the wing. Movement of air about the airplane, particularly the wing, is necessary before the aerodynamic force of lift becomes effective. During flight, however, pressures on the upper and lower surfaces of the wing are not the same. Although several factors contribute to this difference, the shape of the wing is the principal one. The wing is designed to divide the airflow into areas of high pressure below the wing and areas of comparatively lower pressure above the wing. This pressure differential, which is created by movement of air about the wing, is the primary source of lift.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The weight of the airplane is not a constant. It varies with the equipment installed, passengers, cargo, and fuel load. During the course of a flight, the total weight of the airplane decreases as fuel is consumed. Additional weight reduction may also occur during some specialized flight activities, such as crop dusting, fire fighting, or sky diving flights. The direction in which the force of weight acts is constant. It always acts straight down toward the center of the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thrust is the forward-acting force which opposes drag and propels the airplane. In most airplanes, this force is provided when the engine turns the propeller.

Analysis of “Fight Club” Essay -- Fight Club Movie Film Essays

Analysis of â€Å"Fight Club† For years David Fincher has directed some of the most stylish and creative thrillers in American movies. His works include: Aliens 3, Seven, The Game and Fight Club. Each of these films has been not only pleasing and fun to watch but each has commented on society, making the viewers think outside the normal and analyze their world. Fight Club is no exception, it is a multi-layered film with many subplots and themes, but primarily it is a surrealistic description of the status of the American male at the end of the 20th century. David Flincher’s movie, Fight Club, shows how consumerism has caused the emasculation of the modern male and tells a tale of liberation from a corporate controlled society. In the movie Tyler Durden (Brad Pitt) comments on the new way of life, â€Å"We are products of lifestyle obsession. Murder, crime, poverty do not concern me. What concerns me are celebrity magazines, television with five hundred cannels and a designer name on my underwear.† The film, Fight Club shows the consumer culture in which the 20th century male lives in and how it is a deconstruction of individuality. The film gives many examples of this; the main character of the film (Ed Norton) asks while looking through an IKEA catalog, â€Å"What kind of plates define me as a person.† He’s not asking what personal characteristics and attributes define him but what possession most accurately does. Also, Ed Norton’s character has no name he is only referred to as the 90’s everyman, the IKEA man. The film shows the extensive emphases the consumer-based culture of the 20th century has on individualism and values associated with being a man. Corporations hav e replaced personal qualities with corporate logos. The modern male cannot be anything unless he has certain products in his possession. No longer does one own things, his things own him. The contemporary male is a slave of the IKEA nesting instinct. The main characters absence of a name only exemplifies this; the buying of furniture from IKEA gives the main character (Ed Norton) his identity, without being a consumer the main character would remain undefined and anonymous. In the movie, the two main characters, (Ed Norton) and Tyler Durden (Brad Pitt), are staring at a Calvin Klein ad and ask each other is this what a man is supposed to look like. Fight Club shows the extent of consumerism contro... ...od. By blowing up his IKEA catalog apartment and living in a dilapidated house without concern for owning products and designer names, Ed Norton’s character releases himself his consumer controlled life and begins a journey to regain his manhood. He does this by creating Fight Club, which is an underground boxing club for men. Fight Club lets men live by liberating them. They are allowed to express their primal nature, to be men and reclaim their independent strength, courage and power. It was said, â€Å"When a man first enters Fight Club he was a wad of cookie-dough, a couple weeks later he was carved of wood.† The 20th century male’s struggle still continues today, the 21st century is a corporate controlled society, in a consumer culture that gives life value by what is bought and owned, not by the individual. The modern male is emasculated in this feminist culture. David Fincher does an excellent job of taking a contemporary subject and putting it on film. Fight Club takes these themes, consumerism, emasculation of the male and liberation and weaves them together to make a great narrative on the unfilled, castrated male who desperately seeks to be free from societies control.

Reflective Account Essay

IntroductionThis appellative will render a exact narration based on an jazz in my second year corporation perspective. The framework I sh in every(prenominal) be victimisition to take over is Gibbs (1988) ideal of resoundion. Within this sample argon six phases incorporated into a vibration. Each phase will accord me to think systematically ab look into through the educate a leak a go at it and identify aras where cleansement is needed. This reflective account will incorporate the Scottish diligent Safety Programme (SPSP) pose to h octogenarian Pressure Ulcers (SPSP, n.d.a). Pressure ulcers are delimitate as an area of dam age to the pelt and chthoniclying tissue that is ca enforced by unrelieved squeeze, friction and/or sheer forces (Posnett and Franks, 2008).The SPSP is co-ordinated by Health dread Improvement Scotland (HIS) and aims to improve forbearing safety and snip adverse solvents. (SPSP. n.d.b). This aim is relevant to the enduring involve d in this construe as they are a high happen of aiming a pressure ulcer in that respectfore blockading measures need to be addressed. To stop solitude and confidentiality in accordance with the care for and obstetrics Council (NMC, 2012a), I get under ones skin renamed this immense-suffering Mathew for the project of this fitting.DescriptionMathew is an 82 year elder man who recently suffered a crepuscule within his home and was admitted to infirmary with a fractured hip and subsequently had to slang a total hip retranscription. Mathew was discharged from hospital back to his home with the solicitude of regularise Nurses visiting him on a occasional basis to administer his Clexane injection. Due to Mathews damage his mobility has been compromised and has subsequently become incontinent. During our root visit with Mathew my t to each one postulateed me to buy in show up a Water lowly appraisement with him. This tool is a scoring system which identifies if a longanimous of of is at essay of training a pressure ulcer (HIS, 2009). As the pit was above 10 Mathew was deemed at risk. Both my Mentor and I discussed with Mathew regarding his risk level, we suggested a pressure In this assignment, I need to reflect on the telegraph wire that taken place during my clinical placement to develop and utilize my inter someoneal readinesss in hostel to primary(prenominal)tain the therapeutic human alliances with my diligent.In this reflection,I am loss to practice session Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. This model is a recognized framework for my reflection. Gibbs (1988) consists of six details to complete whiz cycle which is able-bodied to improve my breast sustenance practice continuously and learning from the experience for better practice in the later onlife. The cycle give-up the ghosts with a description of the agency, chase is to analytic thinking of the purportings, terce is an evaluation of the experience, poop pointedness is an analysis to make awareness of the experience, fifth part stage is a endpoint of what else could I work d genius and final stage is an action plan to prepare if the situation arose again (NHS, 2006). Bairdand Winter (2005, p.156) obtain virtually reasons why reflection is require in the reflective practice. They say that a reflect is to generate the practice populateledge, assist an capacity to adapt virgin situations, develop vanity and satisfaction as well as to value, develop and professionalizing practice. up to straight off, Siviter (2004,p.165) explain that reflection is slightly gaining self-confidence, identify when to improve, learning from own mistakes and behavior, sounding at other people perspectives, creation self-aware and improving the future by learning the past. In my context with the longanimous, it is chief(prenominal) for me to improve the therapeutic relationship which is the nurse- tolerant relationship. In the therapeutic re lationship, there is the therapeutic resonance establish from a sense of intrust and a mutual deducting exists mingled with a nurse and a longanimous that haoma in a spare link of the relationship (Harkreader and Hogan, 2004, p.243). (Peplau 1952, citedin Harkreader and Hogan 2004, p.245) none that a level- steered contact in a therapeutic relationship wees trust as well as would raise the tolerants self-esteem which could lead to new personal growth for the persevering.Besides, (Ruesch 1961, cited in Arnold and Boggs 2007, p.200) lift the purpose of the therapeutic parley is to improve the patients office to function. So in order to establish a therapeutic nurse-patient interaction, a nurse mustiness show up caring, sincerity, empathy and trus twainrthiness (Kathol, 2003, p.33). Those attitudes could be show uped by promoting the theatrical roleful conversation and relationships by the implementation of interpersonal skills. Johnson (2008) settle the interper sonal skills is the total expertness to slip by effectively with other people. Chitty and Black (2007, p.218) course credit that confabulation is the exchange of nurture, thought and ideas via viva voce and non- oral which two present simultaneously. They explainthat literal intercourse is consists of all speech whereas non-verbal dialogue consists of gestures, postures, s accompanimenth cranial nerve nerve expressions, none and level of volume.Thus, in my reflection in this assignment would be discussed on my development of therapeutic relationship in the circumstance of the nurse-patient relationship victimisation the interpersonal skills. My reflection is ab protrude one patient whom I code her as Mrs. A, non a real name(Appendix I) to cheer the confidentiality of patients information (NMC, 2004).In this split I would describe on the payoff takes place and describe that event during my clinical placement. I was on the fe manly psychiatric cellblock having a 2 weeks clinical placement for mental health care in semester 3.Generally, there were two uninvolved psychiatric wards which were male psychiatric ward and female psychiatric ward except both wards were sharing the small cafeteria in the area of psychiatric ward. The psychiatric wards were locked up from one main entrance. In the ward, the female psychiatric patients were encourage to walk out from the female ward and combine with the male psychiatric patients at the small cafeteria during their meal time.During dejeuner, I nonice one dame was still sitting on her bed. She was Mrs. A, 76 years old been diagnosed a schizophrenia. She was unable to control the muscle as well called microseism due to lack of the chemical as she was having a side effect of antipsychotic agent medication which was a Parkinsonism (Sahelian, 2005). She could non walk herself and need to be back up if she requisiteed to stand or walk. So I took the Mrs. As eat meal and fed on the bed. This old lady was unable to recompensed on her own. So I checked her victuals and served her meal. I fed her meal until finished. In this paragraph, I would discuss on my nipings or thinking that took place in the event happened. Before I started to feed her, I introduced myself and approached Mrs. A. So I act to build a wide plangency with her as I do not want her to feel strange as I was not her family members or her relatives. My send-off approached was to her was to ask whether she cute or ref employ to take her lunch.She was on soft diet as she was having a difficulty in sw renounceing or dysphasia. therefore I asked her permission to feed her. She looked at me and looked like blur. In this situation, I showed up my emphatic earreach as I ascribe myself in her shoes and presumptuous I was having a audience problem. concord to Wold (2004, p73) the emphatic listening is virtually the willingness to interpret the other person not in effect(p) judging the personsfact. T hen, I touched her shoulder, kept saying, and raise my tone a bit be endeavour I was hunted if she had a tryout trouble. At the resembling time, I did some organic structure gesturers which could be interpreted an action of eating. I pa employ, repeated my actions except this time I was utilize some simple address in the patient dialect. Then she looked at me again and nodded her head. fortunately the clay gesturers similarly helped me in the conversation with her. In the lag, I was thinking whether the commencement ceremony diction was not her mother vocabulary except I kept myself publish verbally with her including exploitation my physical structure gesturers and facial expression. Body gesturers and facial expressions are referred as a non-verbal parley (Funnellet al , 2005, p.443).In my thinking, I needed to converse louder and bang very much words in her wording so that she could see to it and interpret of my actions towards her. I thought of the langu age barrier that breaks our verbal communion. Castledine (2002, p.923) find that the language barrier arises when there are persons comes from a different genial background use their own realise or phrases in the conversations. Luckily, those particular body gesturers could make her witness that I was going to feed her lunch. During the feeding I retained the optic contact as I do not want her to feel shy. This is because my eye contact could show up my interest to help her in feeding. This is support by Caris-Verhallenet al (1999) which mentioned that the direct of eye contact could express a sense of interesting the person to the other person involves in that chat. In the meantime I take set(p) with my scoop with her do that she felt comfortable. As a result, she gave a mature cooperation and enjoyed the meal until finished.In my evaluating, I feel I make the right decision to inhere in and assist Mrs. A in feeding. Furthermore, I could develop my nurse-patient relat ionship. Although McCabe (2004, p.44) would describe it as a task-centered parley as one of the fragment caused the lack intercourse among nurses, provided I think my nurse-patient relationship conversation both involved a good patient-centered talk and task-centered discourse. In my personal opinion, I attended to Mrs. A as a patient to show my empathy because she was unable to feed herself. It was in like manner as my duty to feed her so that I could make sure the patient get the best care in the ward. So my involvement in this nurse-patient relationship does not only restrict to the task-centered communication because (Burnard 1990, and Stein-Parbury 1993,cited in McCabe 2002, p.44) define tending as a patient-centered shape as rise up as to fulfill the basic conditions as a nurse to nominate the genuineness, eagerness and empathy towards the patient.I was able to improve my non-verbal communication skills in my conversation with her during the feeding. As she was h aving a hearing problem and could not perish in the firstly language properly, so the non-verbal communication plays a role. Caris-Verhallen et al (1999, p.809) state that the non-verbal communication becomes grand when communicating with the elderly people who develop a hearing problem. Hollman et al (2005, p31) suggests some effective slipway to maximize the communication with hearing impediment people much(prenominal) as endlessly gains the persons attention originally discourse, visible yourself to preclude them feel terrify and try to use some susceptible touch. I feel this is a good experience to me because I learn to develop my non-verbal communication. I used most of the body gesturers because of the language barrier was beingness a gap in my conversation with Mrs. A. She could speak very limited in the first language so I tried to speak in her dialect. Furthermore, Wold (2004, p.76) mention that gesturers are one specific grammatical case of non-verbal communi cation intended to express ideas and are useful for people who privynot use much words.However I as well used my facial expressions to advise her to finish the meal. It might be not so delicious because she withdraws the meal after few scopes hardly I smiled and assured Mrs. A that it was good for her health to finish her meal. In addition, the facial expressions are most expressive which are not limited to certain cultural and age barriers (Wold, 2004,p.76). Therefore my facial expression worked out to encourage her to finish the meal. Although I could not explain detail to her about the important nutrition diet that she should take, but I could advocate her to finish the meal served because the meal was prepared according to her condition. In order to analysis of the event, I could evaluate that, my communication skills are very important to provide the best care for care to Mrs. A. My communication with Mrs.A was the interpersonal communication. This is because the interpers onal communication is a communication which involved of two persons (Funnell et al 2005, p.438). I realized that my gestural communication did help me a carve up in my duty to provide the care for care to Mrs. A. Even though she could understand few simple words when I was asking her but I noticed that one of theproblems occurs within the communication was the language barrier. As the patient was not using the official language and the second language, I tried to speak in her language. I still could manage the communication in our conversation. However, it was rather difficult to promote the effective verbal communication with the patient. Besides, White (2005, p.112) suggest that a nurse should learn a few words or phrases in the predominant second language to put a patient at go for better understanding. Although it was quite difficult but using the nonverbal simultaneously with the verbal communication did encourage her to speak on her best to make me understand her words .In the event showed that, there was a retort from Mrs. A. when I was asking her questions. Funnel et al (2005, p.438) point out that a communication would occur when a person responds to a cognitive content received and assigns meaning to it. She nodded her head to assign that she agreed with me. Delaune and Ladner (2002, p.191) explain that the bear is one of the factor of the communication sue which act as a moderate during the message is sent out. In addition, Mrs. A also gave me a feedback that she understood my message by transmitting the message via her body gesturers and eye behavior. Thus I could envision that the communication channels used in my conversation were visual and auditory. Delaune and Ladner (2002, p.191) state a feedback is that the sender receives the information after the telephone recipient react to the message. However, Chitty and Black (2007, p.218) define feedback is a response to a message.In my situation, I was a sender who conveyed the messag e receiving the information from Mrs. A, the receiver who agreed to take lunch and allow me to feed. Consequently, I could analyze that my communication with Mrs. A involved of five component of communication process which are sender, message, channel, receiver and feedback (Delaune and Ladner, 2002, p.191).In a nutshell, for my reflection of this event explores about on how the communication skills play a role on the nurse-patient relationship in order to deliver the nursing care towards the patient especially the adult. She needed quite some time to adapt the office changes in her daily activities living where I was trying to help her in feeding. I was c at oncerning my feeling and thoughts during the feeding so that I could improve more skills in my communication. I successfully pass alongd with her effectively as she enjoyed refinement the meal. So itis vital to build rapport with her to encourage her ability to speak up verbally and non-verbal.Moreover, this ability could he lp her to spread abroad effectively with other staff nurses. Later, she would not be neglected because of her age or her disability to understand the information attached about her interference.(Hyland and Donaldson 1989, cited in Harrison and Hart 2006 p.22) mention that communication express what the patients think and feel. In order to communicate with adult, it is important to assess her common communication language and her ability to interact in the other languages. As I used some words in her dialect, I essentially encouraged the patient to speak out verbally and communicate non-verbal so that the message could be understood and do not break the nurse-patient communication. In my opinion, I evaluated that it does not a matter whether it was a patient-centered communication or task-centered communication because both communication mentioned by McCabe (2004) actually does involves communication to the patients.So it was not a problem to argue which type of communication invo lves in my conversation with my patient. later on I analyzed the situation, I could dissolve that I was be able to hunch forward the skills for effective communication with the patient such as approach the patient, asking questions, be an active listening, show my empathy and support the patient emotions (Walsh, 2005, p.34). Actually helping the adult was a good practice in delivering the nursing care among adults. My action plan for the clinical practice in the future, if there were patients that I need to help in feeding or other nursing influence, I would prepare myself better to handle with the patients who would adopt some difficulty in communication. This is because, as one of the health care worker, I want the best care for my patients. So in related to deliver the best care to my patients, I need to understand them very well.I have to communicate effectively as this is important to roll in the hay what they need most during warded under my inspection as a nurse. Accor ding to my experience, I knew that communication was the fundamental part to develop a good relationship. Wood (2006, p.13) express that a communication is the key earthing of relationship. Therefore a good communication is essential to get know the patients individual health precondition (Walsh, 2005, p.30). Active listening could distinguish the organism of barrier communication when interactions with the patients. This is because, active listening means listening without make judging to listen the patients opinions or complaints which top me chances to be in the patients perspective(Arnold, 2007, p.201). On the other hand, it also crucial to avoid the barriers occurs in the communication with the patients. I could detect the language barriers by interviewing the patients about their health or asking them if they needed both help in their daily activities living.However, I would remind myself for not interfere my communication with barriers such as using the open-ended questi ons, not attending to non-verbal cues, being criticizing and judging, and interrupting (Funnell et al, 2005, p.453). Walsh (2005, p.31) too summary that making stereotyping and making assumptions about patients, perceptions and first pestle of patients, lack awareness of communication skills are the main barriers to communications. I must not judge the patients by making my first impression and assumption about the patients but I have to make patients fee devalued as an individual. I should be capable to respect their fundamental values, beliefs, culture, and individual means of communication (Heath, 2000,p.27).I would be able to know on how to build rapport with the patients. There are cardinal ways suggest by Crellin (1998, p.49) which are becomes visible, anticipate ineluctably, be reliable, listening, stay in control, self-disclosure, care for each patient as an individual, use humour when appropriate, educate the patient, give the patient some control, and use gestures to sh ow some supports. This ways could help and give me some guidelines to improve my communication skills with the patients. other important thing to add on my action plan list is to know which the disabilities of the patients have such as hearing disability, visual impairment and mental disability. in one case I could know the disability that a patient has, I could well-prepared my method of communication effectively as Heath(2000, p28) mention that communicating with people who was having some hearing impairment, stool impairment and mental health needs required the particular skills and considerations.Nazarko (2004, p.9) suggest that do not repeat if the person could not understand but try to reword and speak a little more slowly when communicating with the hearing difficulties people. listening problem commonly occurs among adults because of ageing process (Schofield,2002, p.21). To summarize for my action plan, I would start a communication with a good rapport to know what affe cts the patients ability to communicate well andto avoid barriers in effective communication in future.In conclusion of my reflective assignment, I mention the model that I chose, Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle as my framework of my reflective. I state the reasons why I am choosing the model as well as some parole on the important of doing reflection in nursing practice. I am able to discuss every stage in the Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle about my ability to develop my therapeutic relationship by using my interpersonal skills with one patient for this reflection.Reflection on a clinical SkillThe purpose of this assignment is to reflect upon a clinical skill that I undertook whilst on my second year fellowship placement. I have chosen to use Gibbs (1988) model of reflection. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), The Code of Professional head (2008), confidentiality shall be maintained and all name changed to protect identity. The clinical skill I have chosen to reflect upon during this assignment is the monitoring of capillary blood glucose (CBG). I have chosen this skill as during my previous acute placements as a student I was not permitted to tackle them, and whilst in the community the Primary plow Trust (PCT) allows it. Having yet to develop this skill I thought that by reflecting on carrying it out would help me to gain the knowledge and confidence needed to perform it in the future. According to Siviter (2004) reflection is about gaining confidence, identifying when you could have improved, learning from your mistakes and about your behaviour, viewing yourself as others do, self awareness and changing the future by learning from the past.DescriptionDuring a routine daily visit with my teach Jane, a District Nurse, to Nisha, an elderly Asian lady who was Diabetic, Jane asked me whether I would like to take Nishas CBG. As I had only started doing CBGs during this placement I thought it would be a good learning opportunity so I agreed to do it. Jane asked Nisha whether she wedded(p) me doing her CBG and although she did not speak very much side of meat she understood and consented for me to do it. I went into the kitchen and deadened my pass on. I returned to the living fashion whereNisha was and asked her whether her detention were clean, to which she answered yes. I thusly assessed that Nisha was sat vote out on a low sofa, and thought it best to kneel down and lay my equipment out on the coffee bean table so that they were all to hand. at one time checking that the blood glucose monitor had been gradatory and that the sort peels were in date I exposed a test deprive and placed it into the monitor.I then put on gloves and asked Nisha whether she was comfortable and ready and which fingers breadth she wanted me to use, she said yes and held up her right one-third finger so I got the single(a) use lancet arch and pricked the side of Nishas finger, disposing of the lancet into the sharps b ox. The blood came immediately and I employ it to the test strip and waited for the result, in the meantime I held a clean cotton wool wool ball to Nishas finger to occlude the exhaust. I discarded the test strip and my gloves and recorded the CBG.I then wash awayed my hands again. at a time we had left Nishas property my wise man commented that I had do very well, but should have asked Nisha to wash her hands in the first place commencing the CBG test.FeelingsWhen Jane, my mentor, first asked me if I wanted to do Nishas CBG I felt slightly uneasy as I had only make a few previously and was aware that she would be observing me through the act which also gave me reassurance that if I were to do any(prenominal)thing malign she would be there to highlight it. Once Nisha had consented to me doing the CBG I felt pleased that she swear me to carry out the process, which allayed my nerves. During the procedure I was aware that my mentor was watching me, which once again made me anxious, but she was advance me the consentient time and totally supportive. When I instantly got blood once putz Nishas finger I felt a sense of relief that I had through it correctly. Once the whole process was over Nisha held my hand and smiled and in broken English said thank you, thank you, I was humbled by her response as I felt I was average doing my job. Overall I was satisfied with my mathematical process and felt confirming that I wouldnt be so nervous next time round.EvaluationOn the whole execute this clinical skill went real well, and having not had much practice at doing this particular skill I was blithe to have had theopportunity to do it whilst under direct supervision from my mentor. I think that my communication with Nisha, even though she verbalise little English was very good and that I had formed a vigorous therapeutic relationship with her. I feel that on reflection I should of asked Nisha to wash her hands out front the procedure, and that my m entor should have ensured this, to guarantee that the reading was not polluted. digestI will start by looking at the skill and the reason financial backing it. CBG monitoring is part of many another(prenominal) diabetics daily routine. If a patients CBG goes up (hyperglycaemia) or down (hypoglycaemia) it nates cause the patient to become peaked(predicate) (Baillie, 2009). Dougherty & Lister (2008) state that in the short-change term CBG monitoring can bar hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis and in the long term can considerably cut down complications arising that could affect the patient both vascularly and neurally. Patients can control their condition through diet, oral hypoglycaemic agents, insulin therapy or a conspiracy of the above, (Higgins, 2008). By asking Nisha whether she minded me performing the CBG my mentor had gained informed consent in accordance with the NMC (2008), who say that consent must be gained before any treatment is commenced. I washed my hands followi ng the Ayliffe (1978) technique in order to interdict the spread of infection, Pratt et al (2007) state that hands must be decontaminated between each and every episode of patient care. I asked Nisha whether her hands were clean, as one of the main causes of inaccuracy of CBG readings are fingers that are contaminated with foodstuffs (Alexander et al, 2000).I assessed that Nisha was sat comfortably on a low sofa, Jamieson et al (2007) says to ensure patient comfort and retain any injury occurring should the patient feel faint during the procedure . I then knelt down and fixed my equipment out on the table, as Baillie (2009) suggests that all equipment needed for a procedure should be within easy reach, and avoid any twisting or stooping which could cause me injury, in line with the PCT mournful and Handling Policy and Procedure (2006). I then checked the CBG monitor had been calibrated and that the test strips were in date, to disallow off-key positive/ negative readings (Hasti ngs, 2009). I then put on my gloves and asked Nisha whether she was ready and which finger she wanted me to use, Jamieson (2007) saysthat gloves should be used to prevent the patient and nurse from any say-so blood borne infection. The NMC (2008) state that you must allow patients to make decisions about their care, and also that patients should be treated individually and with dignity.Suhonen et al (2007) discontinue that individualised patient care leads to positive patient outcomes, such as patient satisfaction, patient autonomy and patients perceptions on health related quality of life. I used both verbal and non-verbal communication, which involved speaking slowly and clearly so that Nisha could understand what I was saying. I also used non-verbal communication through touch, eye contact, facial expressions and body language, (Funnell et al, 2009). I then using a single use lancet, in accordance with PCT (2005) policy on blood glucose monitoring, pricked the side of Nishas ri ght third finger and disposed of the lancet into the sharps box. Baillie (2009) suggests that the third, fourth or fifth finger should be used as the thumb and mightiness finger are important for touch, and to use the side as it is less painful.To prevent injury sharps and unused drugs must be placed in disposal boxes at the point of use, (Dougherty and Lister, 2008). I applied cotton wool to stop any bleeding and then disposed of the test strip and my gloves, washed my hands again using the Ayliffe (1978) technique and recorded my findings. Hastings (2009) recommends applying pressure briefly to the puncture site to prevent painful extravasation of blood into the hypodermic tissues. The Department of Health (2007) state that to reduce the risk of cross infection any waste must be disposed of appropriately.Flores (2006) maintains that it is important to wash your hands after removing gloves as bacteria can contaminate them through small defects in the gloves or during removal. Rec ords should be completed as currently as possible following an event (NMC, 2008), and as a student all documentation needs to be countersigned (Siviter, 2004). My mentor said that I should have asked Nisha to wash her hands, not if they were clean the rationale being the same as previously stated, (Alexander et al, 2000), and also Cowan (1997) also agreed that patients hands should be washed to ensure a non-contaminated result. purposeIn conclusion I now appreciate how in depth a simple CBG procedure actually is, when done correctly. I have looked further for march stating thatpatients hands should be washed before the CBG test is performed and realise that I should have asked Nisha to do so as the result could potentially have been wrong. On reflecting on undertaking this skill I have developed my learning of the need to carry out this procedure and the importance of it to a Diabetic. I have also launch that following guidelines is vital to accurate results. legal action PlanIn future when I carry out this procedure I will continue to practice as I have done as long as this is in line with local trust policy and supporting evidence. I will always ensure that the patient washes their hands before commencing the process, as this is what evidence suggests is good practice and also important for an accurate result.